TY - JOUR
T1 - What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases.
AU - Rinninella, Emanuele
AU - Raoul, P
AU - Cintoni, M
AU - Franceschi, Francesco
AU - GAD, Miggiano
AU - Gasbarrini, Antonio
AU - Mele, Maria Cristina
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - Each individual is provided with a unique gut microbiota profile that plays many specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Gut microbiota are composed of different bacteria species taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, and phyla. Each human's gut microbiota are shaped in early life as their composition depends on infant transitions (birth gestational date, type of delivery, methods of milk feeding, weaning period) and external factors such as antibiotic use. These personal and healthy core native microbiota remain relatively stable in adulthood but differ between individuals due to enterotypes, body mass index (BMI) level, exercise frequency, lifestyle, and cultural and dietary habits. Accordingly, there is not a unique optimal gut microbiota composition since it is different for each individual. However, a healthy host⁻microorganism balance must be respected in order to optimally perform metabolic and immune functions and prevent disease development. This review will provide an overview of the studies that focus on gut microbiota balances in the same individual and between individuals and highlight the close mutualistic relationship between gut microbiota variations and diseases. Indeed, dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated not only with intestinal disorders but also with numerous extra-intestinal diseases such as metabolic and neurological disorders. Understanding the cause or consequence of these gut microbiota balances in health and disease and how to maintain or restore a healthy gut microbiota composition should be useful in developing promising therapeutic interventions.
AB - Each individual is provided with a unique gut microbiota profile that plays many specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Gut microbiota are composed of different bacteria species taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, and phyla. Each human's gut microbiota are shaped in early life as their composition depends on infant transitions (birth gestational date, type of delivery, methods of milk feeding, weaning period) and external factors such as antibiotic use. These personal and healthy core native microbiota remain relatively stable in adulthood but differ between individuals due to enterotypes, body mass index (BMI) level, exercise frequency, lifestyle, and cultural and dietary habits. Accordingly, there is not a unique optimal gut microbiota composition since it is different for each individual. However, a healthy host⁻microorganism balance must be respected in order to optimally perform metabolic and immune functions and prevent disease development. This review will provide an overview of the studies that focus on gut microbiota balances in the same individual and between individuals and highlight the close mutualistic relationship between gut microbiota variations and diseases. Indeed, dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated not only with intestinal disorders but also with numerous extra-intestinal diseases such as metabolic and neurological disorders. Understanding the cause or consequence of these gut microbiota balances in health and disease and how to maintain or restore a healthy gut microbiota composition should be useful in developing promising therapeutic interventions.
KW - Alzheimer’s disease
KW - Parkinson’s disease
KW - age
KW - autism spectrum disorders
KW - celiac disease
KW - colorectal cancer
KW - diet
KW - diversity
KW - enterotypes
KW - gut microbiota
KW - health
KW - hepatic encephalopathy
KW - inflammatory bowel disease
KW - irritable bowel syndrome
KW - milk feeding
KW - necrotizing enterocolitis
KW - nutrition
KW - obesity
KW - personalized medicine
KW - type 2 diabetes
KW - weaning
KW - Alzheimer’s disease
KW - Parkinson’s disease
KW - age
KW - autism spectrum disorders
KW - celiac disease
KW - colorectal cancer
KW - diet
KW - diversity
KW - enterotypes
KW - gut microbiota
KW - health
KW - hepatic encephalopathy
KW - inflammatory bowel disease
KW - irritable bowel syndrome
KW - milk feeding
KW - necrotizing enterocolitis
KW - nutrition
KW - obesity
KW - personalized medicine
KW - type 2 diabetes
KW - weaning
UR - https://publicatt.unicatt.it/handle/10807/128887
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85071342398&origin=inward
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85071342398&origin=inward
U2 - 10.3390/microorganisms7010014
DO - 10.3390/microorganisms7010014
M3 - Article
SN - 2076-2607
VL - 2019
SP - N/A-N/A
JO - Microorganisms
JF - Microorganisms
IS - 7
ER -