Abstract
The molecular layer that adsorbs on the biomaterial surface upon contacting body tissues and fluids, termed the conditioning layer (CL), influences cell behavior regulating scaffold integration and resilience in a patient-specific fashion. To predict and improve the clinical outcome of 3D-printed scaffolds, graphene coatings are employed in bone tissue engineering, due to the possibility to functionalize its chemical/physical properties. In this study, we investigated the composition and the influence of the CL on three different graphene oxide-based coatings of 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) implants: graphene oxide (-GO), carboxylated GO (-GO-COOH) and reduced GO (-rGO). The effects of surface features and CL were evaluated in vitro using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSC). Our results showed that the CL formed on negatively charged PCL-GO-COOH and PCL-rGO scaffolds reduced cell adhesion, while simultaneously enhancing cell cluster formation and proliferation by a fivefold increase. The quantification of bone mineralized matrix highlighted that CL on both PCL-GO-COOH and PCL-rGO coatings sustained the osteogenic potential of these two types of GO. The analysis of CL components adsorbed on the scaffolds revealed that the PCL-GO-COOH and PCL-rGO coatings tend to entrap specific patterns of serum proteins (e.g. anti-adhesive and osteogenic modulators) and ions (carbonate and phosphate), suggesting a correlation between these enriched components and the observed biological outcomes of conditioned scaffolds. Lastly, PCL-rGO coatings maintained unique antibacterial properties after in vitro simulated CL formation, representing a suitable promising strategy to improve bone grafting capable of shaping CL formation while preserving the favorable osteoinductive properties of scaffolds.
Lingua originale | English |
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pagine (da-a) | 4772-4785 |
Numero di pagine | 14 |
Rivista | Materials Advances |
Volume | 5 |
DOI | |
Stato di pubblicazione | Pubblicato - 2024 |
Keywords
- graphene, molecular layer, osteogenesis, cells, stem cells