The earliness of exporting and creeping sclerosis? The moderating effects of firm age, size and centralization

By using a sample of 644 manufacturing firms in four EU countries and five regions, we investigate the earliness/\r\nexporting relationship. Firstly, we examine the firm’s ability to retain LAN over time as it gets older and bigger.\r\nSecondly, we examine the role played by the firm’s decision-making structure. Our results reveal that exporting\r\nsclerosis does set in, as age and size of the firm significantly and negatively affect the earliness/exporting relationship.\r\nIn addition, however, we find that centralization plays a role in the sclerotic effects of size (though\r\nonly weakly for age), exacerbating their moderating effects on the earliness/exporting relationship. Our study\r\nclaims to contribute to internationalization research by advancing the idea that LAN is not path-dependent but\r\nsubject to liabilities. Beyond age and size, we add the more nuanced “liability of centralization” to boundary\r\nconditions for retaining LAN. Theoretical and managerial implications emerge.