TY - JOUR
T1 - Testing for the Myth of Cognitive Reserve: Are the Static and Dynamic Cognitive Reserve Indexes a Representation of Different Reserve Warehouses?
AU - Serra, Laura
AU - Petrosini, Laura
AU - Salaris, Andrea
AU - Pica, Lorenzo
AU - Bruschini, Michela
AU - Di Domenico, Carlotta
AU - Caltagirone, Carlo
AU - Marra, Camillo
AU - Bozzali, Marco
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - BACKGROUND: \r\nCognitive reserve (CR) explains the individual resilience to neurodegeneration. Years of formal education express the static measure of reserve (sCR). A dynamic aspect of CR (dCR) has been recently proposed.\r\n\r\nOBJECTIVE: \r\nThe aim of the study was to compare sCR and dCR indexes, respectively, to detect brain abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.\r\n\r\nMETHODS: \r\n117 individuals [39 AD, 40 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 38 healthy subjects (HS)] underwent neuropsychological evaluation and a 3T-MRI. T1-weighted volumes were used for manual segmentation of the hippocampus and of the parahippocampal cortices. Years of formal education were used as an index of sCR. Partial Least Square analysis was used to decompose the variance of individual MMSE scores, considered as a dCR index. In aMCI and AD patients, the brain abnormalities have been assessed comparing individuals with high and low levels of sCR and dCR in turn. Moreover, we investigated the effect of the different CR indexes in mediating the relationship between changes in brain volumes and memory performances.\r\n\r\nRESULTS: \r\nsCR and dCR indexes classified differently individuals having high or low levels of CR. Smaller hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes in high dCR patients were found. The sCR and dCR indexes mediated significantly the relationship between brain abnormalities and memory in patients.\r\n\r\nCONCLUSIONS: \r\nCR mediated the relationship between brain and memory dysfunctions. We hypothesized that sCR and dCR indexes are a representation of different warehouses of reserve not operating in parallel but forming a complex system, in which crystalized cognitive abilities and actual cognitive efficiency interact with brain atrophy impacting on memory.
AB - BACKGROUND: \r\nCognitive reserve (CR) explains the individual resilience to neurodegeneration. Years of formal education express the static measure of reserve (sCR). A dynamic aspect of CR (dCR) has been recently proposed.\r\n\r\nOBJECTIVE: \r\nThe aim of the study was to compare sCR and dCR indexes, respectively, to detect brain abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.\r\n\r\nMETHODS: \r\n117 individuals [39 AD, 40 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 38 healthy subjects (HS)] underwent neuropsychological evaluation and a 3T-MRI. T1-weighted volumes were used for manual segmentation of the hippocampus and of the parahippocampal cortices. Years of formal education were used as an index of sCR. Partial Least Square analysis was used to decompose the variance of individual MMSE scores, considered as a dCR index. In aMCI and AD patients, the brain abnormalities have been assessed comparing individuals with high and low levels of sCR and dCR in turn. Moreover, we investigated the effect of the different CR indexes in mediating the relationship between changes in brain volumes and memory performances.\r\n\r\nRESULTS: \r\nsCR and dCR indexes classified differently individuals having high or low levels of CR. Smaller hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes in high dCR patients were found. The sCR and dCR indexes mediated significantly the relationship between brain abnormalities and memory in patients.\r\n\r\nCONCLUSIONS: \r\nCR mediated the relationship between brain and memory dysfunctions. We hypothesized that sCR and dCR indexes are a representation of different warehouses of reserve not operating in parallel but forming a complex system, in which crystalized cognitive abilities and actual cognitive efficiency interact with brain atrophy impacting on memory.
KW - Alzheimer’s disease
KW - dynamic and static cognitive reserve
KW - hippocampus
KW - mild cognitive impairment
KW - parahippocampal gyrus
KW - Alzheimer’s disease
KW - dynamic and static cognitive reserve
KW - hippocampus
KW - mild cognitive impairment
KW - parahippocampal gyrus
UR - https://publicatt.unicatt.it/handle/10807/148737
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85074422842&origin=inward
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85074422842&origin=inward
U2 - 10.3233/JAD-190716
DO - 10.3233/JAD-190716
M3 - Article
SN - 1875-8908
VL - 72
SP - 111
EP - 126
JO - Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
JF - Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
IS - 1
ER -