TY - JOUR
T1 - Scientific Opinion on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options
AU - Rossi, Vittorio
AU - Efsa, Panel On Plant Health
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - The Panel conducted a risk assessment of Phyllosticta citricarpa for the EU. P. citricarpa causes citrus black
spot (CBS) and is absent from the EU. Under the scenario of absence of specific risk reduction options against P.
citricarpa, the risk of entry of P. citricarpa was rated as likely for citrus plants for planting and citrus fruit with
leaves, moderately likely for citrus fruit without leaves, unlikely for citrus leaves for cooking and very unlikely
for Tahiti lime fruit without leaves. Establishment was rated as moderately likely because susceptible hosts are
widely available and environmental conditions in many EU citrus-growing areas are suitable (with high
uncertainty) for P. citricarpa ascospore production, dispersal and infection. Current fungicide treatments will
not prevent establishment. Environmental favourability is increased by the use of sprinkler and micro-sprinkler
irrigation in some EU citrus-growing locations. Spread with trade was rated as moderately likely. Model results
indicate that CBS epidemics are most likely to develop in EU citrus-growing areas in late summer to early
autumn and in some locations also in late spring to early summer. CBS is expected to affect mainly lemons and
late-maturing sweet orange and mandarin varieties, with moderate negative consequences for the production of
fresh fruit, but with environmental impact of additional fungicide treatments. Negative consequences would be
minor for early-maturing citrus varieties and minimal for citrus for processing. Uncertainty concerning the
consequences is high, mainly because of the lack of data on critical climate response parameters for the pathogen
but also because information on impact in areas at the limits of the current distribution is scarce. Since
eradication and containment are difficult, phytosanitary measures should focus on preventing entry. Current
phytosanitary measures are evaluated to be effective, with the exception of pest-free production sites.
AB - The Panel conducted a risk assessment of Phyllosticta citricarpa for the EU. P. citricarpa causes citrus black
spot (CBS) and is absent from the EU. Under the scenario of absence of specific risk reduction options against P.
citricarpa, the risk of entry of P. citricarpa was rated as likely for citrus plants for planting and citrus fruit with
leaves, moderately likely for citrus fruit without leaves, unlikely for citrus leaves for cooking and very unlikely
for Tahiti lime fruit without leaves. Establishment was rated as moderately likely because susceptible hosts are
widely available and environmental conditions in many EU citrus-growing areas are suitable (with high
uncertainty) for P. citricarpa ascospore production, dispersal and infection. Current fungicide treatments will
not prevent establishment. Environmental favourability is increased by the use of sprinkler and micro-sprinkler
irrigation in some EU citrus-growing locations. Spread with trade was rated as moderately likely. Model results
indicate that CBS epidemics are most likely to develop in EU citrus-growing areas in late summer to early
autumn and in some locations also in late spring to early summer. CBS is expected to affect mainly lemons and
late-maturing sweet orange and mandarin varieties, with moderate negative consequences for the production of
fresh fruit, but with environmental impact of additional fungicide treatments. Negative consequences would be
minor for early-maturing citrus varieties and minimal for citrus for processing. Uncertainty concerning the
consequences is high, mainly because of the lack of data on critical climate response parameters for the pathogen
but also because information on impact in areas at the limits of the current distribution is scarce. Since
eradication and containment are difficult, phytosanitary measures should focus on preventing entry. Current
phytosanitary measures are evaluated to be effective, with the exception of pest-free production sites.
KW - Citrus black spot
KW - pest risk assessment
KW - Citrus black spot
KW - pest risk assessment
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10807/64170
U2 - 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3557
DO - 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3557
M3 - Article
SN - 1831-4732
VL - 12
SP - 1
EP - 243
JO - EFSA Journal
JF - EFSA Journal
ER -