Scientific information on mycotoxins and natural plant toxicants.

Undesirable substances such as mycotoxins and natural toxicants can be present in plants\r\nand derived products thereof. Depending on the nature and the concentration levels of the\r\ncompound, these might be of concern for human and/or animal health. Risk assessments on\r\nthe natural plant toxicant morphine in poppy seeds and the selected mycotoxins: alternaria\r\ntoxins, moniliformin, diacetoxyscirpenol, sterigmatocystin and phomopsins in food and feed,\r\nergot alkaloids in food and nivalenol in feed have not been carried out at the European level.\r\nTherefore it is expected that the European Commission may ask EFSA to assess the risks to\r\nhuman and animal health related to these substances in the near future. To carry out these\r\nrisk assessments to the highest standards and in an efficient way scientific background\r\ninformation e.g. chemistry, occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity on these selected\r\nmycotoxins and plant toxicant are needed. The project CFP/EFSA/CONTAM/2008/01\r\n“Scientific information on mycotoxins and natural plant toxicants” reports this information in\r\nthe present report.\r\nThe report presents information regarding a plant toxicant, morphine, in poppy seeds, and\r\nsome mycotoxins, in particular Alternaria toxins in food and feed, Ergot alkaloids in food,\r\nmoniliformin in food and feed, nivalenol in feed, diacetoxyscirpenol in food and feed,\r\nsterigmatocystin in food and feed and phomopsins in food and feed. After a short\r\nintroduction, fungi involved in the production of each specific mycotoxin are described.\r\nPhysico-chemical characteristics, biosynthesis and chemical analisis are then discussed for\r\nall toxins. Occurrence data are presented, taking into account all products in which the\r\nmycotoxins have been reported. Mitigation, intended as all actions that can be taken in the\r\npre- and post-harvest periods to reduce the contamination of the final products are\r\ndiscussed. Pharmacokinetic aspects (absorption, distribution and excretion, metabolism and\r\ncarry-over), as well as toxicity (acute and chronic), are also discussed, based on available\r\ninformation in animals and in humans. This report represents the state-of-the-art knowledge\r\non the toxic compounds included, and provides information useful to the scientific community\r\nto face the risks and challenges of mycotoxins and plant natural toxicants.\r\n3 - 467\r\nThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). In accordance with Article\r\n36 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, this task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a grant\r\nagreement between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s). The present document is published complying with\r\nthe transparency principle to which the European Food Safety Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output\r\nadopted by EFSA. EFSA reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in\r\nthe present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.\r\nAs a general conclusion it can be underlined that for all compounds considered there is a\r\ncommon lack of knowledge which can be summarised as follows:\r\n• Detailed knowledge on fungi involved and their interaction with host crops\r\n• Validated analytical methods and reference materials\r\n• Detailed surveys in different countries and different years\r\n• Specific sampling methods\r\n• Detailed and updated knowledge on pharmacokinetics and toxicity