R&D, embodied technological change, and employment: evidence from Italian microdata

This article explores the employment impact of innovation activity, taking into account both R&D expenditures and embodied technological change (ETC). We use a novel panel data set covering 265 innovative Italian firms over the period 1998–2010. The main outcome from the proposed fixed-effect estimations is a labor-friendly nature of total innovation expenditures; however, this positive effect is barely significant when the sole in-house R&D expenditures are considered and fades away when ETC is included as a proxy for innovation activities. Moreover, the positive employment impacts of innovation activities and R&D expenditures are totally due to firms operating in high-tech industries and large companies, while no job creation due to technical change is detectable in traditional sectors and SMEs.