TY - JOUR
T1 - Phomopsins: an overview of phytopathological and chemical aspects, toxicity, analysis and occurrence
AU - Battilani, Paola
AU - Gualla, Alessia
AU - Dall'Asta, C.
AU - Pellacani, C.
AU - Galaverna, G.
AU - Giorni, Paola
AU - Caglieri, A.
AU - Tagliaferri, S.
AU - Pietri, Amedeo
AU - Dossena, A.
AU - Spadaro, D.
AU - Marchelli, R.
AU - Gullino, M.
AU - Costa, L.
PY - 2011
Y1 - 2011
N2 - Phomopsis leptostromiformis, and its teleomorph Diaporthe toxica, is a lupin pathogen that
causes stem blight in young lupins and, as a saprophyte, has been detected on dead lupine
material. Under favourable conditions, the fungus produces phomopsins (PHOs), a family of
macrocyclic hexapeptide mycotoxins capable of binding tubulin through the tripeptide side
chain. The toxic effects appear largely confined to the liver. In particular, the ingestion of
PHO contaminated lupin stubble has been linked to lupinosis, a debilitating disease of sheep
(the most sensitive animal) characterised by disorientation, blindness, lethargy, and eventually
death. The chemical structures of PHO A, B and D have been identified. Analytical methods
to determine PHOs are mainly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or chromatographic
separations, in combination with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. The data about
the PHOs occurrence are limited to Australia, restricted to lupin seed. Only one survey has
been carried out on lupin seeds and flours from the Swiss market. Not many strategies have
been developed to limit lupin seed contamination. Efforts devoted to control lupinosis in
Australia focused on the development of cultivars resistant to Phomopsis infection. There are
few examples in literature of decontamination or detoxification of PHOs; moreover, they have
been shown to be resistant to extensive processing, including cooking. Australia and New
Zealand are the only countries that included PHOs in their mycotoxin regulations, with a limit
of 5 μg/kg in lupin seeds and derived products.
Phomopsins are poorly studied mycotoxins and risk assessment on PHOs has not been done at
the European level. The collection of all available scientific data was requested by EFSA in a
specific project and partners involved considered it of general interest preparing this review to
highlight the limited available information, which indicate that the assessment of potential
risk related to PHOs is currently not feasible.
AB - Phomopsis leptostromiformis, and its teleomorph Diaporthe toxica, is a lupin pathogen that
causes stem blight in young lupins and, as a saprophyte, has been detected on dead lupine
material. Under favourable conditions, the fungus produces phomopsins (PHOs), a family of
macrocyclic hexapeptide mycotoxins capable of binding tubulin through the tripeptide side
chain. The toxic effects appear largely confined to the liver. In particular, the ingestion of
PHO contaminated lupin stubble has been linked to lupinosis, a debilitating disease of sheep
(the most sensitive animal) characterised by disorientation, blindness, lethargy, and eventually
death. The chemical structures of PHO A, B and D have been identified. Analytical methods
to determine PHOs are mainly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or chromatographic
separations, in combination with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. The data about
the PHOs occurrence are limited to Australia, restricted to lupin seed. Only one survey has
been carried out on lupin seeds and flours from the Swiss market. Not many strategies have
been developed to limit lupin seed contamination. Efforts devoted to control lupinosis in
Australia focused on the development of cultivars resistant to Phomopsis infection. There are
few examples in literature of decontamination or detoxification of PHOs; moreover, they have
been shown to be resistant to extensive processing, including cooking. Australia and New
Zealand are the only countries that included PHOs in their mycotoxin regulations, with a limit
of 5 μg/kg in lupin seeds and derived products.
Phomopsins are poorly studied mycotoxins and risk assessment on PHOs has not been done at
the European level. The collection of all available scientific data was requested by EFSA in a
specific project and partners involved considered it of general interest preparing this review to
highlight the limited available information, which indicate that the assessment of potential
risk related to PHOs is currently not feasible.
KW - Diaporthe toxica
KW - PHO
KW - Phomopsis leptostromiformis
KW - lupin
KW - lupinosios
KW - Diaporthe toxica
KW - PHO
KW - Phomopsis leptostromiformis
KW - lupin
KW - lupinosios
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10807/7503
U2 - 10.3920/WMJ2011.1302
DO - 10.3920/WMJ2011.1302
M3 - Article
SN - 1875-0710
VL - 2011/4
SP - 345
EP - 359
JO - World Mycotoxin Journal
JF - World Mycotoxin Journal
ER -