Moderate wine consumption and health: a narrative review

Although it is clearly established that the abuse of alcohol is seriously harmful to health, many epidemiological and clinical evidences seem to underline the protective role of moderate quantities of alcohol and in particular of wine on health. This review aims to re-evaluate the relationship between the type and dose of alcoholic drink and reduced or increased risk of various diseases, in the light of the most current scientific evidence. In particular in vitro studies on the modulation of biochemical pathways and gene expression of wine bioactive components together with in vivo studies on cardiovascular pathologies, type 2 diabetes, neurological degenerative diseases and longevity were carefully evaluated. A brief discussion on oenological practices potentially affecting bioactive components content in wine is included. The analysis clearly indicates that wine differs from other alcoholic beverages and its moderate consumption not only does not increase the risk of chronic degenerative diseases but is also associated with health benefits particularly when included in a Mediterranean diet model. Obviously, every effort must be made to promote behavioral education to prevent abuse, especially among young people.