TY - JOUR
T1 - Mild Potassium Chloride Stress Alters the Mineral Composition, Hormone Network, and Phenolic Profile in Artichoke Leaves
AU - Lucini, Luigi
AU - Borgognone, Daniela
AU - Rouphael, Youssef
AU - Cardarelli, Mariateresa
AU - Bernardi, Jamila
AU - Colla, Giuseppe
PY - 2016
Y1 - 2016
N2 - There is a growing interest among consumers and researchers in the globe artichoke
[Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hegi] leaf extract due to its nutraceutical
and therapeutic properties. The application of an abiotic stress such as salinity
can activate the stress-signaling pathways, thus enhancing the content of valuable
phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to assess the metabolic changes in
artichokes by probing the leaf metabolome of artichoke plants grown in a floating
system and exposed to a relatively mild (30 mM) potassium chloride (KCl) salt stress.
Potassium chloride treatment decreased the leaf dry biomass of artichoke, macro- and
microelements in leaves (e.g., Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and B) but increased the concentrations
of K and Cl. Metabolomics highlighted that the hormonal network of artichokes was
strongly imbalanced by KCl. The indole-3-acetic acid conjugates, the brassinosteroids
hormone 6-deoxocastasterone, and even more the cytokinin precursor N6-(Delta-
2-isopentenyl)-adenosine-50-triphosphate, strongly increased in leaves of KCl-treated
plants. Moreover, KCl saline treatment induced accumulation of GA4, a bioactive form
additional to the already known GA3. Another specific response to salinity was changes
in the phenolic compounds profile, with flavones and isoflavones being decreased by
KCl treatment, whereas flavonoid glycosides increased. The osmotic/oxidative stress
that salinity generates also induced some expected changes at the biochemical
level (e.g., ascorbate degradation, membrane lipid peroxidation, and accumulation
of mannitol phosphate). These latter results help explain the molecular/physiological
mechanisms that the plant uses to cope with potassium chloride stress exposure.
AB - There is a growing interest among consumers and researchers in the globe artichoke
[Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hegi] leaf extract due to its nutraceutical
and therapeutic properties. The application of an abiotic stress such as salinity
can activate the stress-signaling pathways, thus enhancing the content of valuable
phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to assess the metabolic changes in
artichokes by probing the leaf metabolome of artichoke plants grown in a floating
system and exposed to a relatively mild (30 mM) potassium chloride (KCl) salt stress.
Potassium chloride treatment decreased the leaf dry biomass of artichoke, macro- and
microelements in leaves (e.g., Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and B) but increased the concentrations
of K and Cl. Metabolomics highlighted that the hormonal network of artichokes was
strongly imbalanced by KCl. The indole-3-acetic acid conjugates, the brassinosteroids
hormone 6-deoxocastasterone, and even more the cytokinin precursor N6-(Delta-
2-isopentenyl)-adenosine-50-triphosphate, strongly increased in leaves of KCl-treated
plants. Moreover, KCl saline treatment induced accumulation of GA4, a bioactive form
additional to the already known GA3. Another specific response to salinity was changes
in the phenolic compounds profile, with flavones and isoflavones being decreased by
KCl treatment, whereas flavonoid glycosides increased. The osmotic/oxidative stress
that salinity generates also induced some expected changes at the biochemical
level (e.g., ascorbate degradation, membrane lipid peroxidation, and accumulation
of mannitol phosphate). These latter results help explain the molecular/physiological
mechanisms that the plant uses to cope with potassium chloride stress exposure.
KW - Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus
KW - flavonoid conjugates
KW - lipid peroxidation
KW - metabolomics
KW - phytohormones
KW - salinity
KW - Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus
KW - flavonoid conjugates
KW - lipid peroxidation
KW - metabolomics
KW - phytohormones
KW - salinity
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10807/85920
U2 - 10.3389/fpls.2016.00948
DO - 10.3389/fpls.2016.00948
M3 - Article
SN - 1664-462X
VL - 7
SP - 1
EP - 11
JO - Frontiers in Plant Science
JF - Frontiers in Plant Science
ER -