Methods and models in the context of physical activity and physical education: strenght, weakness and gaps

Physical education and sports foster, amplify, and enrich opportunities for experiential learning, while also facilitating interaction and communication with others, enabling expression through diverse means of communication. These disciplines constitute an indispensable component within educational settings, allowing for interdisciplinary encounters in the realm of education. The instruction and acquisition of physical education within educational institutions present a formidable challenge in the contemporary era. Despite the exhaustive endeavors of researchers and scholars to examine the efficacy of diverse instructional methods, harmonizing educational objectives with pedagogical strategies remains a prominent area of investigation. Three fundamental conflicts with the traditional paradigm of multi-activity and sport technique-centered physical education have been identified, encompassing the inclusion of less-skilled students, the employment of brief learning sessions, and the pursuit of unattainable benefits for all student profiles To tackle these concerns, various alternative pedagogical approaches have been explored and this article presents a comprehensive overview of the significance of physical activity and physical education in promoting a well-balanced lifestyle and enriching children's educational experiences. It assesses the efficacy of both traditional teacher-centered and innovative student-centered frameworks in physical education instruction and learning. The article delves into the challenges associated with aligning educational objectives with instructional strategies and provides an extensive survey of models-based practice approaches in physical education, encompassing Sport Education (SE), Cooperative Learning (CL), Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), and Teaching for Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR). The potential advantages and limitations of these pedagogical models in enhancing students' physical education experiences are thoroughly examined, and suggestions for future research and implementation in this field are put forth.Despite the advantages of physical activity, recent studies reveal that a considerable majority of adolescents, particularly girls, fail to meet the recommended one-hour daily threshold of moderate to vigorous physical activity. The optimal duration of physical education classes and the teaching styles and methodologies employed therein can significantly influence their effectiveness in promoting physical activity.