How to manage recurrences after surgery in CRSwNP patients in the biologic era: a narrative review

SUMMARY Objective. This narrative review analyses factors affecting recurrence of Chronic rhinosi-nusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) after surgery, such as type, extension and completeness of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). We also described new implications in the management of recurrences after the advent of biologics. Methods. We identified four topics: definition of disease state; factors linked to recurrence of polyps; evaluation and management of recurrence in clinical practice. Results. We analysed the differences between exacerbation and recurrence, as well as the concept of “controlled disease”. We focused on potential predictors of recurrence after ESS, such as type 2 inflammation, asthma, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, incomplete initial surgery and lack of adherence to long-term post-operative local corticosteroids. We discussed the new aspects of diagnosis and treatment of recurrences after surgery, sum-marising our suggestions in a detailed algorithm for practical management of patients with recurrent disease. Conclusions. The results emphasised the importance of accurate evaluation of patients with CRSwNP recurrence, focusing on the reasons of failure and risk of disease progression, in order to guide personalised interventions. It is crucial to define the concept of appropriate surgery, which affects the choice between starting a biologic or repeating surgery.