Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and visceral leishmaniasis in children: case report and systematic review of literature

emophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a potentially fatal disorder resulting from\r\nexcessive activation and non-malignant proliferation of T lymphocytes and\r\nmacrophages. Neoplasms, autoimmune disorders and systemic infections can cause\r\nsecondary hemophagocytic syndrome. The association of hemophagocytic syndrome and\r\nvisceral leishmaniasis is rarely found in childhood. We report a case of an\r\ninfant affected by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to visceral\r\nleishamniasis and describe all cases of hemophagocytic syndrome associated with\r\nvisceral leishamniasis in childhood reported in literature, focusing on clinical \r\nmanifestation, diagnosis and treatment.