Gender differences in the self-defining activities and identity experiences of adolescents and emerging adults

Activity participation provides a unique context for adolescents and emerging adults to explore interests,\r\ntalents, and skills and for identity work to occur. Research has found consistent gender differences in the\r\ntypes of activities in which males and females participate. The current study drew on Eudaimonistic identity\r\ntheory to examine the subjective identity-related experiences of personal expressiveness, flow experiences,\r\nand goal-directed behaviour [Waterman, 1984; Waterman, 2004. Finding someone to be: Studies on the\r\nrole of intrinsic motivation in identity formation. Identity, 4, 209–228] within a special type of activity,\r\nself-defining activities, or those activities that participants identify as being important to who they are\r\nas a person. This study also tested for gender and country differences in a sample of 572 adolescents\r\nand emerging adults from the United States, Italy, and Chile. Findings indicate gender and country\r\ndifferences in the types of self-defining activities for males and females, but no gender differences in the\r\nreported identity-related experiences within those activities. This finding held across the three countries.\r\nResults from Multivariate Analyses of Variance also indicate that identity-related experiences differ\r\nsignificantly across seven broad activity classes. Findings are discussed in the context of the growing literature on adolescent activity involvement and time use, gender, and their relations to identity exploration.