TY - JOUR
T1 - Can vitamin D deficiency cause diabetes and cardiovascular diseases? Present evidence and future perspectives
AU - Muscogiuri, Giovanna
AU - Sorice, Gianpio
AU - Ajjan, R.
AU - Mezza, Teresa
AU - Pilz, S.
AU - Prioletta, Annamaria
AU - Scragg, R.
AU - Volpe, S. L.
AU - Witham, M. D.
AU - Giaccari, Andrea
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - Several studies have shown that vitamin D may play a role in many biochemical mechanisms in addition to bone and calcium metabolism. Recently, vitamin D has sparked widespread interest because of its involvement in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with obesity, related to trapping in adipose tissue due to its lipophilic structure. In addition, vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this may be due to the relationship between low vitamin D levels and obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. However, although vitamin D has been identified as a potentially important marker of CVD, the mechanisms through which it might modulate cardiovascular risk are not fully understood. Given this background, in this work we summarise clinical retrospective and prospective observational studies linking vitamin D levels with cardio-metabolic risk factors and vascular outcome. Moreover, we review various randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of vitamin D supplementation on surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk. Considering the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among patients with high cardiovascular risk, vitamin D replacement therapy in this population may be warranted; however, further RCTs are urgently needed to establish when to begin vitamin D therapy, as well as to determine the dose and route and duration of administration.
AB - Several studies have shown that vitamin D may play a role in many biochemical mechanisms in addition to bone and calcium metabolism. Recently, vitamin D has sparked widespread interest because of its involvement in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with obesity, related to trapping in adipose tissue due to its lipophilic structure. In addition, vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this may be due to the relationship between low vitamin D levels and obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. However, although vitamin D has been identified as a potentially important marker of CVD, the mechanisms through which it might modulate cardiovascular risk are not fully understood. Given this background, in this work we summarise clinical retrospective and prospective observational studies linking vitamin D levels with cardio-metabolic risk factors and vascular outcome. Moreover, we review various randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of vitamin D supplementation on surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk. Considering the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among patients with high cardiovascular risk, vitamin D replacement therapy in this population may be warranted; however, further RCTs are urgently needed to establish when to begin vitamin D therapy, as well as to determine the dose and route and duration of administration.
KW - Cardiovascular Diseases
KW - Diabetes Mellitus
KW - Dietary Supplements
KW - Endothelium
KW - Humans
KW - Obesity
KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
KW - Risk Factors
KW - Vitamin D
KW - Vitamin D Deficiency
KW - Cardiovascular Diseases
KW - Diabetes Mellitus
KW - Dietary Supplements
KW - Endothelium
KW - Humans
KW - Obesity
KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
KW - Risk Factors
KW - Vitamin D
KW - Vitamin D Deficiency
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10807/16205
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0939475311002511
U2 - 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.11.001
DO - 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.11.001
M3 - Article
SN - 0939-4753
VL - 22
SP - 81
EP - 87
JO - NMCD. NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
JF - NMCD. NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
ER -