Calcium nephrolithiasis, metabolic syndrome and the cardiovascular risk

Considering the prevalence of calcium nephrolithiasis in the general population, up to 10–15%, the association of renal stones with CV diseases is an important topic to be clarified. Unfortunately, at the moment, we have much more doubts than certainties. It is unquestionable that further studies are necessary to establish a clear relationship between nephrolithiasis and CV risk and to disclose the potential mechanism(s).