TY - JOUR
T1 - Cadmium Exposure and Kidney Stone Formation in the General Population An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Data
AU - Ferraro, Pietro Manuel
AU - Bonello, Monica
AU - Frigo, Ac
AU - D'Addessi, Alessandro
AU - Sturniolo, A
AU - Gambaro, Giovanni
PY - 2011
Y1 - 2011
N2 - Background and Purpose: Cadmium exposure has been associated with a greater risk of kidney stone formation in occupational exposure studies, but data on such an association in the general population are scarce.
Subjects and Methods: We assessed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 1988 to 1994 in terms of the risk of stone formation. Persons reporting a history of kidney stones were defined as stone formers (n=749), and the association between a positive history of kidney stones and high environmental cadmium exposure levels (defined as urinary cadmium >1 μg/g) was analyzed by logistic regression analysis, stratifying by sex and adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking habits, region of residence, and daily intake of calcium and sodium.
Results: The odds ratio of lithiasis associated with urinary cadmium >1 μg/g was 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.06, 1.86) in females (P=0.019). The association between urinary cadmium and kidney stones was not significant in males.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that moderately high levels of urinary cadmium are associated with a greater propensity for kidney stone formation in females in the general population.
AB - Background and Purpose: Cadmium exposure has been associated with a greater risk of kidney stone formation in occupational exposure studies, but data on such an association in the general population are scarce.
Subjects and Methods: We assessed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 1988 to 1994 in terms of the risk of stone formation. Persons reporting a history of kidney stones were defined as stone formers (n=749), and the association between a positive history of kidney stones and high environmental cadmium exposure levels (defined as urinary cadmium >1 μg/g) was analyzed by logistic regression analysis, stratifying by sex and adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking habits, region of residence, and daily intake of calcium and sodium.
Results: The odds ratio of lithiasis associated with urinary cadmium >1 μg/g was 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.06, 1.86) in females (P=0.019). The association between urinary cadmium and kidney stones was not significant in males.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that moderately high levels of urinary cadmium are associated with a greater propensity for kidney stone formation in females in the general population.
KW - cadmium
KW - cadmium
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10807/94114
M3 - Article
SN - 0892-7790
VL - 2011
SP - 875
EP - 879
JO - Journal of Endourology
JF - Journal of Endourology
ER -