Riforme scolastiche e politiche europee dell’apprendimento. Capacità, attivazione, competenze di cittadinanza

[Autom. eng. transl.] The intervention aims to contextualize the needs of reform of the school system in the broader cultural and socio-economic scenario of Europe, which focuses on the establishment of a society (or rather an economy) based on the production of knowledge . We analyze the main characteristics of the so-called "cognitive capitalism" (sources of productivity, reflections on the social pyramid, the role of the person and the citizen) and the link between "human capital" and "capacity": these are the premises that justify - in the system educational - the transition from the provision of "credentials" to the recognition of "credits". The European approach to learning policies (the Lisbon Strategy 2010 - 2020) is also consistent with the need to renew the social model (welfare) inspired by the umbrella concept of "activation", which makes of the "Employability" of citizens (and not of meritocracy) the main lever of development and cohesion. With a view to activation, therefore, the guiding values of educational and school reform policies are focused: Equity, Autonomy / respect, Quality / efficiency, Innovation, Merit. These values can easily be attributed to the "citizenship skills" evoked by European documents: linguistic, applicative, digital, meta-cognitive, social, self-promotional skills. It is proposed to discuss these competences in terms of tried and tested curricular innovations.