Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

P. Sorokowski; M. Kowal; R. J. Sternberg; T. Aavik; G. Akello; M. M. Alhabahba; C. Alm; N. Amjad; A. Anjum; K. Asao; C. S. Atama; Duyar D. Atamturk; R. Ayebare; D. Conroy-Beam; M. Bendixen; A. Bensafia; B. Bizumic; M. Boussena; D. M. Buss; M. Butovskaya; S. Can; A. Carrier; H. Cetinkaya; I. Croy; R. M. Cueto; M. Czub; D. Dronova; S. Dural; I. Duyar; B. Ertugrul; A. Espinosa; I. Estevan; C. S. Esteves; T. Frackowiak; J. C. Garduno; K. U. Gonzalez; F. Guemaz; M. Halamova; I. Herak; M. Horvat; I. Hromatko; Hui C. -M.; J. L. Jaafar; F. Jiang; K. Kafetsios; T. Kavcic; L. E. O. Kennair; N. Kervyn; T. T. K. Ha; I. A. Khilji; N. C. Kobis; A. Kostic; H. M. Lan; A. Lang; G. R. Lennard; E. Leon; T. Lindholm; T. T. Linh; Giulia Lopez; Luot N. Van; A. Mailhos; Z. Manesi; R. Martinez; S. L. McKerchar; N. Mesko; M. Pejicic; G. Misra; C. Monaghan; E. C. Mora; A. Moya-Garofano; B. Musil; J. C. Natividade; G. Nizharadze; E. Oberzaucher; A. Oleszkiewicz; M. S. Omar-Fauzee; I. E. Onyishi; B. Ozener; A. F. Pagani; V. Pakalniskiene; Miriam Parise; F. Pazhoohi; A. Pisanski; K. Pisanski; E. Ponciano; C. Popa; P. Prokop; M. Rizwan; M. Sainz; S. Salkicevic; R. Sargautyte; I. Sarmany-Schuller; S. Schmehl; A. Shahid; S. Sharad; R. S. Siddiqui; F. Simonetti; M. Tadinac; Vauclair C. -M.; L. D. Vega; K. V. Walter; D. A. Widarini; G. Yoo; M. Zatkova; M. Zupancic; A. Sorokowska

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

P. Sorokowski^*, M. Kowal, R. J. Sternberg, T. Aavik, G. Akello, M. M. Alhabahba, C. Alm, N. Amjad, A. Anjum, K. Asao, C. S. Atama, Duyar D. Atamturk, R. Ayebare, D. Conroy-Beam, M. Bendixen, A. Bensafia, B. Bizumic, M. Boussena, D. M. Buss, M. ButovskayaS. Can, A. Carrier, H. Cetinkaya, I. Croy, R. M. Cueto, M. Czub, D. Dronova, S. Dural, I. Duyar, B. Ertugrul, A. Espinosa, I. Estevan, C. S. Esteves, T. Frackowiak, J. C. Garduno, K. U. Gonzalez, F. Guemaz, M. Halamova, I. Herak, M. Horvat, I. Hromatko, Hui C. -M., J. L. Jaafar, F. Jiang, K. Kafetsios, T. Kavcic, L. E. O. Kennair, N. Kervyn, T. T. K. Ha, I. A. Khilji, N. C. Kobis, A. Kostic, H. M. Lan, A. Lang, G. R. Lennard, E. Leon, T. Lindholm, T. T. Linh, Giulia Lopez, Luot N. Van, A. Mailhos, Z. Manesi, R. Martinez, S. L. McKerchar, N. Mesko, M. Pejicic, G. Misra, C. Monaghan, E. C. Mora, A. Moya-Garofano, B. Musil, J. C. Natividade, G. Nizharadze, E. Oberzaucher, A. Oleszkiewicz, M. S. Omar-Fauzee, I. E. Onyishi, B. Ozener, A. F. Pagani, V. Pakalniskiene, Miriam Parise, F. Pazhoohi, A. Pisanski, K. Pisanski, E. Ponciano, C. Popa, P. Prokop, M. Rizwan, M. Sainz, S. Salkicevic, R. Sargautyte, I. Sarmany-Schuller, S. Schmehl, A. Shahid, S. Sharad, R. S. Siddiqui, F. Simonetti, M. Tadinac, Vauclair C. -M., L. D. Vega, K. V. Walter, D. A. Widarini, G. Yoo, M. Zatkova, M. Zupancic, A. Sorokowska

^*Corresponding author

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Abstract

Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-10
Number of pages	10
Journal	Scientific Reports
Volume	13
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4
Publication status	Published - 2023

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

General

Keywords

Gender Equity
Humans
Love
Sexual Behavior
Sexual Partners
Social Change

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

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Sorokowski, P., Kowal, M., Sternberg, R. J., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamturk, D. D., Ayebare, R., Conroy-Beam, D., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., ... Sorokowska, A. (2023). Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

@article{88241cefec9b41ba9a87bfbf3686f7d7,

title = "Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries",

abstract = "Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries{\textquoteright} modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.",

keywords = "Gender Equity, Humans, Love, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Social Change, Gender Equity, Humans, Love, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Social Change",

author = "P. Sorokowski and M. Kowal and Sternberg, {R. J.} and T. Aavik and G. Akello and Alhabahba, {M. M.} and C. Alm and N. Amjad and A. Anjum and K. Asao and Atama, {C. S.} and Atamturk, {Duyar D.} and R. Ayebare and D. Conroy-Beam and M. Bendixen and A. Bensafia and B. Bizumic and M. Boussena and Buss, {D. M.} and M. Butovskaya and S. Can and A. Carrier and H. Cetinkaya and I. Croy and Cueto, {R. M.} and M. Czub and D. Dronova and S. Dural and I. Duyar and B. Ertugrul and A. Espinosa and I. Estevan and Esteves, {C. S.} and T. Frackowiak and Garduno, {J. C.} and Gonzalez, {K. U.} and F. Guemaz and M. Halamova and I. Herak and M. Horvat and I. Hromatko and -M., {Hui C.} and Jaafar, {J. L.} and F. Jiang and K. Kafetsios and T. Kavcic and Kennair, {L. E. O.} and N. Kervyn and Ha, {T. T. K.} and Khilji, {I. A.} and Kobis, {N. C.} and A. Kostic and Lan, {H. M.} and A. Lang and Lennard, {G. R.} and E. Leon and T. Lindholm and Linh, {T. T.} and Giulia Lopez and Van, {Luot N.} and A. Mailhos and Z. Manesi and R. Martinez and McKerchar, {S. L.} and N. Mesko and M. Pejicic and G. Misra and C. Monaghan and Mora, {E. C.} and A. Moya-Garofano and B. Musil and Natividade, {J. C.} and G. Nizharadze and E. Oberzaucher and A. Oleszkiewicz and Omar-Fauzee, {M. S.} and Onyishi, {I. E.} and B. Ozener and Pagani, {A. F.} and V. Pakalniskiene and Miriam Parise and F. Pazhoohi and A. Pisanski and K. Pisanski and E. Ponciano and C. Popa and P. Prokop and M. Rizwan and M. Sainz and S. Salkicevic and R. Sargautyte and I. Sarmany-Schuller and S. Schmehl and A. Shahid and S. Sharad and Siddiqui, {R. S.} and F. Simonetti and M. Tadinac and -M., {Vauclair C.} and Vega, {L. D.} and Walter, {K. V.} and Widarini, {D. A.} and G. Yoo and M. Zatkova and M. Zupancic and A. Sorokowska",

year = "2023",

doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4",

language = "English",

volume = "13",

pages = "1--10",

journal = "Scientific Reports",

issn = "2045-2322",

publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",

number = "1",

}

Sorokowski, P, Kowal, M, Sternberg, RJ, Aavik, T, Akello, G, Alhabahba, MM, Alm, C, Amjad, N, Anjum, A, Asao, K, Atama, CS, Atamturk, DD, Ayebare, R, Conroy-Beam, D, Bendixen, M, Bensafia, A, Bizumic, B, Boussena, M, Buss, DM, Butovskaya, M, Can, S, Carrier, A, Cetinkaya, H, Croy, I, Cueto, RM, Czub, M, Dronova, D, Dural, S, Duyar, I, Ertugrul, B, Espinosa, A, Estevan, I, Esteves, CS, Frackowiak, T, Garduno, JC, Gonzalez, KU, Guemaz, F, Halamova, M, Herak, I, Horvat, M, Hromatko, I, -M., HC, Jaafar, JL, Jiang, F, Kafetsios, K, Kavcic, T, Kennair, LEO, Kervyn, N, Ha, TTK, Khilji, IA, Kobis, NC, Kostic, A, Lan, HM, Lang, A, Lennard, GR, Leon, E, Lindholm, T, Linh, TT, Lopez, G, Van, LN, Mailhos, A, Manesi, Z, Martinez, R, McKerchar, SL, Mesko, N, Pejicic, M, Misra, G, Monaghan, C, Mora, EC, Moya-Garofano, A, Musil, B, Natividade, JC, Nizharadze, G, Oberzaucher, E, Oleszkiewicz, A, Omar-Fauzee, MS, Onyishi, IE, Ozener, B, Pagani, AF, Pakalniskiene, V, Parise, M, Pazhoohi, F, Pisanski, A, Pisanski, K, Ponciano, E, Popa, C, Prokop, P, Rizwan, M, Sainz, M, Salkicevic, S, Sargautyte, R, Sarmany-Schuller, I, Schmehl, S, Shahid, A, Sharad, S, Siddiqui, RS, Simonetti, F, Tadinac, M, -M., VC, Vega, LD, Walter, KV, Widarini, DA, Yoo, G, Zatkova, M, Zupancic, M & Sorokowska, A 2023, 'Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries', Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

TY - JOUR

T1 - Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

AU - Sorokowski, P.

AU - Kowal, M.

AU - Sternberg, R. J.

AU - Aavik, T.

AU - Akello, G.

AU - Alhabahba, M. M.

AU - Alm, C.

AU - Amjad, N.

AU - Anjum, A.

AU - Asao, K.

AU - Atama, C. S.

AU - Atamturk, Duyar D.

AU - Ayebare, R.

AU - Conroy-Beam, D.

AU - Bendixen, M.

AU - Bensafia, A.

AU - Bizumic, B.

AU - Boussena, M.

AU - Buss, D. M.

AU - Butovskaya, M.

AU - Can, S.

AU - Carrier, A.

AU - Cetinkaya, H.

AU - Croy, I.

AU - Cueto, R. M.

AU - Czub, M.

AU - Dronova, D.

AU - Dural, S.

AU - Duyar, I.

AU - Ertugrul, B.

AU - Espinosa, A.

AU - Estevan, I.

AU - Esteves, C. S.

AU - Frackowiak, T.

AU - Garduno, J. C.

AU - Gonzalez, K. U.

AU - Guemaz, F.

AU - Halamova, M.

AU - Herak, I.

AU - Horvat, M.

AU - Hromatko, I.

AU - -M., Hui C.

AU - Jaafar, J. L.

AU - Jiang, F.

AU - Kafetsios, K.

AU - Kavcic, T.

AU - Kennair, L. E. O.

AU - Kervyn, N.

AU - Ha, T. T. K.

AU - Khilji, I. A.

AU - Kobis, N. C.

AU - Kostic, A.

AU - Lan, H. M.

AU - Lang, A.

AU - Lennard, G. R.

AU - Leon, E.

AU - Lindholm, T.

AU - Linh, T. T.

AU - Lopez, Giulia

AU - Van, Luot N.

AU - Mailhos, A.

AU - Manesi, Z.

AU - Martinez, R.

AU - McKerchar, S. L.

AU - Mesko, N.

AU - Pejicic, M.

AU - Misra, G.

AU - Monaghan, C.

AU - Mora, E. C.

AU - Moya-Garofano, A.

AU - Musil, B.

AU - Natividade, J. C.

AU - Nizharadze, G.

AU - Oberzaucher, E.

AU - Oleszkiewicz, A.

AU - Omar-Fauzee, M. S.

AU - Onyishi, I. E.

AU - Ozener, B.

AU - Pagani, A. F.

AU - Pakalniskiene, V.

AU - Parise, Miriam

AU - Pazhoohi, F.

AU - Pisanski, A.

AU - Pisanski, K.

AU - Ponciano, E.

AU - Popa, C.

AU - Prokop, P.

AU - Rizwan, M.

AU - Sainz, M.

AU - Salkicevic, S.

AU - Sargautyte, R.

AU - Sarmany-Schuller, I.

AU - Schmehl, S.

AU - Shahid, A.

AU - Sharad, S.

AU - Siddiqui, R. S.

AU - Simonetti, F.

AU - Tadinac, M.

AU - -M., Vauclair C.

AU - Vega, L. D.

AU - Walter, K. V.

AU - Widarini, D. A.

AU - Yoo, G.

AU - Zatkova, M.

AU - Zupancic, M.

AU - Sorokowska, A.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

AB - Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

KW - Gender Equity

KW - Humans

KW - Love

KW - Sexual Behavior

KW - Sexual Partners

KW - Social Change

KW - Gender Equity

KW - Humans

KW - Love

KW - Sexual Behavior

KW - Sexual Partners

KW - Social Change

UR - https://publicatt.unicatt.it/handle/10807/228434

UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85146322573&origin=inward

UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85146322573&origin=inward

U2 - 10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

DO - 10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

M3 - Article

SN - 2045-2322

VL - 13

SP - 1

EP - 10

JO - Scientific Reports

JF - Scientific Reports

IS - 1

ER -

Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Abstract

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Keywords

UN SDGs

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