Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Piotr Sorokowski; Marta Kowal; Robert J. Sternberg; Toivo Aavik; Grace Akello; Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba; Charlotte Alm; Naumana Amjad; Afifa Anjum; Kelly Asao; Chiemezie S. Atama; Derya Atamtürk Duyar; Richard Ayebare; Daniel Conroy-Beam; Mons Bendixen; Aicha Bensafia; Boris Bizumic; Mahmoud Boussena; David M. Buss; Marina Butovskaya; Seda Can; Antonin Carrier; Hakan Cetinkaya; Ilona Croy; Rosa María Cueto; Marcin Czub; Daria Dronova; Seda Dural; Izzet Duyar; Berna Ertugrul; Agustín Espinosa; Ignacio Estevan; Carla Sofia Esteves; Tomasz Frackowiak; Jorge Contreras Garduño; Karina Ugalde González; Farida Guemaz; Mária Halamová; Iskra Herak; Marina Horvat; Ivana Hromatko; Chin-Ming Hui; Jas Laile Jaafar; Feng Jiang; Konstantinos Kafetsios; Tina Kavčič; Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair; Nicolas Kervyn; Truong Thi Khanh Ha; Imran Ahmed Khilji; Nils C. Köbis; Aleksandra Kostic; Hoang Moc Lan; András Láng; Georgina R. Lennard; Ernesto León; Torun Lindholm; Trinh Thi Linh; Giulia Lopez; Nguyen Van Luot; Alvaro Mailhos; Zoi Manesi; Rocio Martinez; Sarah L. Mckerchar; Norbert Meskó; Marija Pejičić; Girishwar Misra; Conal Monaghan; Emanuel C. Mora; Alba Moya-Garófano; Bojan Musil; Jean Carlos Natividade; George Nizharadze; Elisabeth Oberzaucher; Anna Oleszkiewicz; Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee; Ike E. Onyishi; Baris Özener; Ariela Francesca Pagani; Vilmante Pakalniskiene; Miriam Parise; Farid Pazhoohi; Annette Pisanski; Katarzyna Pisanski; Edna Ponciano; Camelia Popa; Pavol Prokop; Muhammad Rizwan; Mario Sainz; Svjetlana Salkičević; Ruta Sargautyte; Ivan Sarmány-Schuller; Susanne Schmehl; Anam Shahid; Shivantika Sharad; Razi Sultan Siddiqui; Franco Simonetti; Meri Tadinac; Christin-Melanie Vauclair; Luis Diego Vega; Kathryn V. Walter; Dwi Ajeng Widarini; Gyesook Yoo; Marta Zaťková; Maja Zupančič; Agnieszka Sorokowska

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Piotr Sorokowski^*, Marta Kowal, Robert J. Sternberg, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Kelly Asao, Chiemezie S. Atama, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Richard Ayebare, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, David M. Buss, Marina ButovskayaSeda Can, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Ilona Croy, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Ignacio Estevan, Carla Sofia Esteves, Tomasz Frackowiak, Jorge Contreras Garduño, Karina Ugalde González, Farida Guemaz, Mária Halamová, Iskra Herak, Marina Horvat, Ivana Hromatko, Chin-Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavčič, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Nicolas Kervyn, Truong Thi Khanh Ha, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Nils C. Köbis, Aleksandra Kostic, Hoang Moc Lan, András Láng, Georgina R. Lennard, Ernesto León, Torun Lindholm, Trinh Thi Linh, Giulia Lopez, Nguyen Van Luot, Alvaro Mailhos, Zoi Manesi, Rocio Martinez, Sarah L. Mckerchar, Norbert Meskó, Marija Pejičić, Girishwar Misra, Conal Monaghan, Emanuel C. Mora, Alba Moya-Garófano, Bojan Musil, Jean Carlos Natividade, George Nizharadze, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee, Ike E. Onyishi, Baris Özener, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Miriam Parise, Farid Pazhoohi, Annette Pisanski, Katarzyna Pisanski, Edna Ponciano, Camelia Popa, Pavol Prokop, Muhammad Rizwan, Mario Sainz, Svjetlana Salkičević, Ruta Sargautyte, Ivan Sarmány-Schuller, Susanne Schmehl, Anam Shahid, Shivantika Sharad, Razi Sultan Siddiqui, Franco Simonetti, Meri Tadinac, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Luis Diego Vega, Kathryn V. Walter, Dwi Ajeng Widarini, Gyesook Yoo, Marta Zaťková, Maja Zupančič, Agnieszka Sorokowska

^*Corresponding author

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Abstract

Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-10
Number of pages	10
Journal	Scientific Reports
Volume	13
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4
Publication status	Published - 2023

Keywords

Gender Equity
Humans
Love
Sexual Behavior
Sexual Partners
Social Change

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

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Sorokowski, P., Kowal, M., Sternberg, R. J., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamtürk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Conroy-Beam, D., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., ... Sorokowska, A. (2023). Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries. Scientific Reports, 13, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

@article{88241cefec9b41ba9a87bfbf3686f7d7,

title = "Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries",

abstract = "Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries{\textquoteright} modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.",

keywords = "Gender Equity, Humans, Love, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Social Change, Gender Equity, Humans, Love, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Social Change",

author = "Piotr Sorokowski and Marta Kowal and Sternberg, {Robert J.} and Toivo Aavik and Grace Akello and Alhabahba, {Mohammad Madallh} and Charlotte Alm and Naumana Amjad and Afifa Anjum and Kelly Asao and Atama, {Chiemezie S.} and {Atamt{\"u}rk Duyar}, Derya and Richard Ayebare and Daniel Conroy-Beam and Mons Bendixen and Aicha Bensafia and Boris Bizumic and Mahmoud Boussena and Buss, {David M.} and Marina Butovskaya and Seda Can and Antonin Carrier and Hakan Cetinkaya and Ilona Croy and Cueto, {Rosa Mar{\'i}a} and Marcin Czub and Daria Dronova and Seda Dural and Izzet Duyar and Berna Ertugrul and Agust{\'i}n Espinosa and Ignacio Estevan and Esteves, {Carla Sofia} and Tomasz Frackowiak and Gardu{\~n}o, {Jorge Contreras} and Gonz{\'a}lez, {Karina Ugalde} and Farida Guemaz and M{\'a}ria Halamov{\'a} and Iskra Herak and Marina Horvat and Ivana Hromatko and Chin-Ming Hui and Jaafar, {Jas Laile} and Feng Jiang and Konstantinos Kafetsios and Tina Kav{\v c}i{\v c} and Kennair, {Leif Edward Ottesen} and Nicolas Kervyn and Ha, {Truong Thi Khanh} and Khilji, {Imran Ahmed} and K{\"o}bis, {Nils C.} and Aleksandra Kostic and Lan, {Hoang Moc} and Andr{\'a}s L{\'a}ng and Lennard, {Georgina R.} and Ernesto Le{\'o}n and Torun Lindholm and Linh, {Trinh Thi} and Giulia Lopez and {Van Luot}, Nguyen and Alvaro Mailhos and Zoi Manesi and Rocio Martinez and Mckerchar, {Sarah L.} and Norbert Mesk{\'o} and Marija Peji{\v c}i{\'c} and Girishwar Misra and Conal Monaghan and Mora, {Emanuel C.} and Alba Moya-Gar{\'o}fano and Bojan Musil and Natividade, {Jean Carlos} and George Nizharadze and Elisabeth Oberzaucher and Anna Oleszkiewicz and Omar-Fauzee, {Mohd Sofian} and Onyishi, {Ike E.} and Baris {\"O}zener and Pagani, {Ariela Francesca} and Vilmante Pakalniskiene and Miriam Parise and Farid Pazhoohi and Annette Pisanski and Katarzyna Pisanski and Edna Ponciano and Camelia Popa and Pavol Prokop and Muhammad Rizwan and Mario Sainz and Svjetlana Salki{\v c}evi{\'c} and Ruta Sargautyte and Ivan Sarm{\'a}ny-Schuller and Susanne Schmehl and Anam Shahid and Shivantika Sharad and Siddiqui, {Razi Sultan} and Franco Simonetti and Meri Tadinac and Christin-Melanie Vauclair and Vega, {Luis Diego} and Walter, {Kathryn V.} and Widarini, {Dwi Ajeng} and Gyesook Yoo and Marta Za{\v t}kov{\'a} and Maja Zupan{\v c}i{\v c} and Agnieszka Sorokowska",

year = "2023",

doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4",

language = "English",

volume = "13",

pages = "1--10",

journal = "Scientific Reports",

issn = "2045-2322",

publisher = "London : Nature Publishing Group",

}

Sorokowski, P, Kowal, M, Sternberg, RJ, Aavik, T, Akello, G, Alhabahba, MM, Alm, C, Amjad, N, Anjum, A, Asao, K, Atama, CS, Atamtürk Duyar, D, Ayebare, R, Conroy-Beam, D, Bendixen, M, Bensafia, A, Bizumic, B, Boussena, M, Buss, DM, Butovskaya, M, Can, S, Carrier, A, Cetinkaya, H, Croy, I, Cueto, RM, Czub, M, Dronova, D, Dural, S, Duyar, I, Ertugrul, B, Espinosa, A, Estevan, I, Esteves, CS, Frackowiak, T, Garduño, JC, González, KU, Guemaz, F, Halamová, M, Herak, I, Horvat, M, Hromatko, I, Hui, C-M, Jaafar, JL, Jiang, F, Kafetsios, K, Kavčič, T, Kennair, LEO, Kervyn, N, Ha, TTK, Khilji, IA, Köbis, NC, Kostic, A, Lan, HM, Láng, A, Lennard, GR, León, E, Lindholm, T, Linh, TT, Lopez, G, Van Luot, N, Mailhos, A, Manesi, Z, Martinez, R, Mckerchar, SL, Meskó, N, Pejičić, M, Misra, G, Monaghan, C, Mora, EC, Moya-Garófano, A, Musil, B, Natividade, JC, Nizharadze, G, Oberzaucher, E, Oleszkiewicz, A, Omar-Fauzee, MS, Onyishi, IE, Özener, B, Pagani, AF, Pakalniskiene, V, Parise, M, Pazhoohi, F, Pisanski, A, Pisanski, K, Ponciano, E, Popa, C, Prokop, P, Rizwan, M, Sainz, M, Salkičević, S, Sargautyte, R, Sarmány-Schuller, I, Schmehl, S, Shahid, A, Sharad, S, Siddiqui, RS, Simonetti, F, Tadinac, M, Vauclair, C-M, Vega, LD, Walter, KV, Widarini, DA, Yoo, G, Zaťková, M, Zupančič, M & Sorokowska, A 2023, 'Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries', Scientific Reports, vol. 13, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

TY - JOUR

T1 - Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

AU - Sorokowski, Piotr

AU - Kowal, Marta

AU - Sternberg, Robert J.

AU - Aavik, Toivo

AU - Akello, Grace

AU - Alhabahba, Mohammad Madallh

AU - Alm, Charlotte

AU - Amjad, Naumana

AU - Anjum, Afifa

AU - Asao, Kelly

AU - Atama, Chiemezie S.

AU - Atamtürk Duyar, Derya

AU - Ayebare, Richard

AU - Conroy-Beam, Daniel

AU - Bendixen, Mons

AU - Bensafia, Aicha

AU - Bizumic, Boris

AU - Boussena, Mahmoud

AU - Buss, David M.

AU - Butovskaya, Marina

AU - Can, Seda

AU - Carrier, Antonin

AU - Cetinkaya, Hakan

AU - Croy, Ilona

AU - Cueto, Rosa María

AU - Czub, Marcin

AU - Dronova, Daria

AU - Dural, Seda

AU - Duyar, Izzet

AU - Ertugrul, Berna

AU - Espinosa, Agustín

AU - Estevan, Ignacio

AU - Esteves, Carla Sofia

AU - Frackowiak, Tomasz

AU - Garduño, Jorge Contreras

AU - González, Karina Ugalde

AU - Guemaz, Farida

AU - Halamová, Mária

AU - Herak, Iskra

AU - Horvat, Marina

AU - Hromatko, Ivana

AU - Hui, Chin-Ming

AU - Jaafar, Jas Laile

AU - Jiang, Feng

AU - Kafetsios, Konstantinos

AU - Kavčič, Tina

AU - Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen

AU - Kervyn, Nicolas

AU - Ha, Truong Thi Khanh

AU - Khilji, Imran Ahmed

AU - Köbis, Nils C.

AU - Kostic, Aleksandra

AU - Lan, Hoang Moc

AU - Láng, András

AU - Lennard, Georgina R.

AU - León, Ernesto

AU - Lindholm, Torun

AU - Linh, Trinh Thi

AU - Lopez, Giulia

AU - Van Luot, Nguyen

AU - Mailhos, Alvaro

AU - Manesi, Zoi

AU - Martinez, Rocio

AU - Mckerchar, Sarah L.

AU - Meskó, Norbert

AU - Pejičić, Marija

AU - Misra, Girishwar

AU - Monaghan, Conal

AU - Mora, Emanuel C.

AU - Moya-Garófano, Alba

AU - Musil, Bojan

AU - Natividade, Jean Carlos

AU - Nizharadze, George

AU - Oberzaucher, Elisabeth

AU - Oleszkiewicz, Anna

AU - Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian

AU - Onyishi, Ike E.

AU - Özener, Baris

AU - Pagani, Ariela Francesca

AU - Pakalniskiene, Vilmante

AU - Parise, Miriam

AU - Pazhoohi, Farid

AU - Pisanski, Annette

AU - Pisanski, Katarzyna

AU - Ponciano, Edna

AU - Popa, Camelia

AU - Prokop, Pavol

AU - Rizwan, Muhammad

AU - Sainz, Mario

AU - Salkičević, Svjetlana

AU - Sargautyte, Ruta

AU - Sarmány-Schuller, Ivan

AU - Schmehl, Susanne

AU - Shahid, Anam

AU - Sharad, Shivantika

AU - Siddiqui, Razi Sultan

AU - Simonetti, Franco

AU - Tadinac, Meri

AU - Vauclair, Christin-Melanie

AU - Vega, Luis Diego

AU - Walter, Kathryn V.

AU - Widarini, Dwi Ajeng

AU - Yoo, Gyesook

AU - Zaťková, Marta

AU - Zupančič, Maja

AU - Sorokowska, Agnieszka

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

AB - Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

KW - Gender Equity

KW - Humans

KW - Love

KW - Sexual Behavior

KW - Sexual Partners

KW - Social Change

KW - Gender Equity

KW - Humans

KW - Love

KW - Sexual Behavior

KW - Sexual Partners

KW - Social Change

UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10807/228434

U2 - 10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

DO - 10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

M3 - Article

SN - 2045-2322

VL - 13

SP - 1

EP - 10

JO - Scientific Reports

JF - Scientific Reports

ER -

Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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