Implantable ventricular assistance systems (VAD) as a bridge to transplant or as 'destination therapy'

Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome associated with a high mortality and morbidity rate. Despite the extensive pharmacological armamentarium, a non-negligible percentage of patients develop advanced heart failure and require further therapies. In these circumstances, heart transplantation remains the treatment of choice, but the limited number of donors and the reduction of potential candidates have made necessary to develop new technologies. Since the 1980s, left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been introduced and have completely revolutionized the landscape of advanced heart failure treatments. This article has identified the categories of patients who can benefit from the implantation of an LVAD and summarized the new classifications. In addition, the main LVADs are described, analysing the results of the main clinical studies, with particular reference to adverse events. Although there is no perfect LVAD, a multidisciplinary team approach, dedicated to the treatment of advanced heart failure, can guide the choices on the best device to implant, in order to minimize complications and improve the patient's quality of life.