Il califfato Islamico. Propaganda e sostanza all'origine dell'ISIS.

[Autom. eng. transl.] The Caliphate was not in the beginning a form of government. If it had been a form of government, it would have had to guarantee the presence of a complex bureaucratic-normative structure that for at least the first fifty years of Islamic history does not exist. A term derived from Khilâfa ("vicariate") and attributed to the successors of Prophet Muhammad (d. 632) as his vicars, the caliph could not count on the well-guided Caliphs (632-661) on an explicit governing structure, but on a necessary rotation to avoid frustrating the attempt to unite the numerous clans of the Arab peninsula. It is also historically ascertained that a double dispute took place in the first decades after the Prophet's death. Policy on the one hand: whether the succession should relate exclusively to one belonging to the clan of Muhammad or not; religious on the other, in relation to what title to attribute to the successor: Khalîfat Rasûl Allâh ("vicar of the Envoy of God"), or directly Khalîfat Allâh ("vicar of God"), the latter option that would have granted a spiritual role much wider than the first. Only in the Umayyad phase (661-750) and in the first century of that Abbasid (750-861), the vicar of the Prophet assumed the honor and the burden of being so also of God, with competences and attributes of fact religious that equated him to the imamale role. In a way summarizing these debates, the famous historian Ibn Khaldûn distinguished in the XIV century three forms of government: the natural one (al-mulk al-tabî'î), the political one (al-mulk al-siyâsî) and the Caliphate, that is that regime that legally conforms to an Islamic vision of life and after-life. The founding principles are for the former the natural law, for the latter the reason and political experience, while for the third the Islamic law or sharî'a. The main difference between the Caliphate and other regimes consists in the interest that the Caliphate pursues in religiously regulating the life of every day waiting for that after death, while the natural or political regime have as sole objective the regulation of existence on this earth .