Effects of weight loss and calorie restriction on carbohydrate metabolism

This article provides an overview of the most recent molecular and clinical outcomes of studies that investigate the effect of weight loss and calorie restriction on carbohydrate metabolism, obtained either by dieting or bariatric surgery. It will focus on aspects of carbohydrate metabolism related to insulin action. The discussion begins by describing attempts to restrain calories by shifting the macronutrient balance from carbohydrates to a higher protein and fat content. The topics covered include insulin secretion and resistance, glucose homeostasis and allostasis, changes in the secretive patterns of adipose tissue and the entero-insular axis.