Coexistence

The economic problem of coexistence between GM and non-GM crops consists of at least three framing factors: first, consumers’ and farmers’ preferences for different production methods; second, the agro-ecological dynamics depending on the biology of the crops concerned and the agro-ecological environment in which they are released; and, third, the broader institutional framework. The chapter presents in more detail the coexistence policies in the US and EU and it discusses selected economic issues of coexistence including labeling and thresholds, property rights and liability rules, cost-effective measures, adoption and regional clustering, implications for international trade and welfare.